Socialization is learning. Socialization
refers to all learning regardless of setting or age of the individual. In every
group one has to learn the rules, expectations, and truths of that group,
whether the group is your family, the army, or the state (nation).
Socialization is the process whereby people acquire personality and learn the
way of life of their society. Essentially, one has to learn Culture. Learning
culture is learning everything. It encompasses all the truths, values, rules,
and goals that people share with one another. Culture is a shared perspective.
The most important time when socialization occurs is between the ages of one
and ten. We obviously learn throughout our lives, but this first ten years is
most important in determining who we are for the rest of our lives.
Human infants are born without any culture.
They must be transformed by their parents, teachers, and others into cultural
and socially adept animals. The general process of acquiring culture is
referred to as socialization . During socialization, we learn the language of
the culture we are born into as well as the roles we are to play in life. For
instance, girls learn how to be daughters, sisters, friends, wives, and
mothers. In addition, they learn about the occupational roles that their
society has in store for them. We also learn and usually adopt our culture's
norms through the socialization process. Norms are the conceptions of
appropriate and expected behavior that are held by most members of the society.
While socialization refers to the general process of acquiring culture,
anthropologists use the term enculturation for the process of being socialized
to a particular culture. You were enculturated to your specific culture by your
parents and the other people who raised you.
Socialization is
important in the process of personality formation. While much of human
personality is the result of our genes, the socialization process can mold it
in particular directions by encouraging specific beliefs and attitudes as well
as selectively providing experiences. This very likely accounts for much of the
difference between the common personality types in one society in comparison to
another. For instance, the Semai tribesmen of the central Malay Peninsula of
Malaysia typically are gentle people who do not like violent, aggressive
individuals. In fact, they avoid them whenever possible. In contrast, the
Yanomamö Indians on the border area between Venezuela and Brazil usually train
their boys to be tough and aggressive. The ideal Yanomamö man does not shrink
from violence and strong emotions. In fact, he seeks them out. Likewise, Shiite
Muslim men of Iran are expected at times to publicly express their religious
faith through the emotionally powerful act of self-inflicted pain.
Successful socialization
can result in uniformity within a society. If all children receive the same
socialization, it is likely that they will share the same beliefs and
expectations. This fact has been a strong motivation for national governments
around the world to standardize education and make it compulsory for all
children. Deciding what things will be taught and how they are taught is a
powerful political tool for controlling people. Those who internalize the norms
of society are less likely to break the law or to want radical social changes.
In all societies, however, there are individuals who do not conform to
culturally defined standards of normalcy because they were
"abnormally" socialized, which is to say that they have not
internalized the norms of society. These people are usually labeled by their
society as deviant or even mentally ill.
Large-scale
societies, such as the United States, are usually composed of many ethnic
groups. As a consequence, early socialization in different families often
varies in techniques, goals, and expectations. Since these complex societies
are not culturally homogenous, they do not have unanimous agreement about what
should be the shared norms. Not surprisingly, this national ambiguity usually
results in more tolerance of social deviancy--it is more acceptable to be
different in appearance, personality, and actions in such large-scale
societies.
How are Children Socialized?
Socialization is a
learning process that begins shortly after birth. Early childhood is the period
of the most intense and the most crucial socialization. It is then that we
acquire language and learn the fundamentals of our culture. It is also when
much of our personality takes shape. However, we continue to be socialized
throughout our lives. As we age, we enter new statuses and need to learn the
appropriate roles for them. We also have experiences that teach us lessons and
potentially lead us to alter our expectations, beliefs, and personality. For
instance, the experience of being raped is likely to cause a woman to be
distrustful of others.
Looking around the
world, we see that different cultures use different techniques to socialize
their children. There are two broad types of teaching methods--formal and
informal. Formal education is what primarily happens in a classroom. It usually
is structured, controlled, and directed primarily by adult teachers who are
professional "knowers." In contrast, informal education can occur
anywhere. It involves imitation of what others do and say as well as experimentation
and repetitive practice of basic skills. This is what happens when children
role-play adult interactions in their games.
Most of the crucial
early socialization throughout the world is done informally under the
supervision of women and girls. Initially, mothers and their female relatives
are primarily responsible for socialization. Later, when children enter the
lower school grades, they are usually under the control of women teachers. In
North America and some other industrialized nations, baby-sitters are most
often teenage girls who live in the neighborhood. In other societies, they are
likely to be older sisters or grandmothers.
Social Survival :
Physical contact with
others is essential to meet our social and emotional needs. The very survival of
the individual and the group depends on its members being properly socialized.
Feral Children
Feral means untamed,
savage, and wild. Feral children literally describe children raised in the wild
by wild animals. Appelbaum and Chambliss contend that numerous accounts exist
which describe children raised by animals. They argue that most stories of
children raised in the wild are untrustworthy.
In general, the
explanation that "wild children" are raised by wild animals is more
than likely an excuse to cover up extreme child abuse. On occasion, children
are discovered who have few social skills and who lack the ability to speak.
Upon closer inspection, it is discovered that these children suffer from
extreme social isolation.
Children Raised in Isolation
There are numerous
accounts of children raised in near total isolation. Appelbaum and Chambliss
introduce us to a girl named "Genie." Genie was raised in near
isolation for the first twelve years of her life. She was often strapped to a
child's potty or confined to a sleeping bag. She saw only her father and mother
and this contact was occurred only at feeding. Needless to say, she failed to
develop social skills.
It is apparent that
sever social isolation contributes to poor social development, but it's difficult
to prove "scientifically." Social workers encounter children raised
in isolation at the end of the process of isolation. (Presumably, the children
are removed to more "humane" surroundings.) It's impossible to say
whether the "wild" behavior is a result of the isolation or the
result of genetic problems that may have caused the isolation in the first
place.
Ethics rule out doing
experiments on the effects of isolation on children. One cannot simply isolate
a child from human contact to see what happens. There fore, research on
isolation has to focus on children who have experienced isolation in the past
or it has to investigate the effects of isolation on animals.
Institutionalized Children: Rene Spitz
Rene Spitz explored
the development (or lack of development) of institutionalized children. In the
1945 study involving human babies, Spitz's followed the social development of
babies who, for various reasons, were removed from their mothers early in life.
Some children were placed with foster families while others were raised in
institutions (e.g., a nursing home). The nursing home babies had no family-like
environment. The setting was very institutional. Care was provided by nurses
who worked eight hour shifts. The babies raised in the nursing home environment
suffered seriously. More than a third died. Twenty-one were still living in
institutions after 40 years. Most were physically, mentally, and socially
retarded.
The Harlow Study
The importance of the
social environment is demonstrated by Harry and Margaret Harlow. In a
laboratory setting, the Harlow's removed baby monkeys from their mothers at
birth. The babies were provided with all the necessities of life such as food
and warmth (temperature), but the babies had no contact with other monkeys.
Bazaar behavior developed. The Harlow's concluded that social isolation caused
the monkeys raised in isolation to develop abnormally.
Gender Socialization
and Gender Roles
Henslin (1999:76)
contends that "an important part of socialization is the learning of
culturally defined gender roles." Gender socialization refers to the
learning of behavior and attitudes considered appropriate for a given sex. Boys
learn to be boys and girls learn to be girls. This "learning" happens
by way of many different agents of socialization. The family is certainly
important in reinforcing gender roles, but so are one’s friends, school, work
and the mass media. Gender roles are reinforced through "countless subtle
and not so subtle ways"
Re socialization:
Re socialization
refers to the process of discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new
ones as part of a transition in one's life. This occurs throughout the human
life cycle (Schaefer & Lamm, 1992). Re socialization can be intense with the
individual experiencing a sharp break with past and the learning and exposure
to radically different norms and values. An example would be the experience of
a young man or woman leaving home to join the Marines
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